Bioremediation is an environmental science technique that uses living organisms—primarily bacteria, fungi, algae and plants—to degrade, immobilize or neutralize pollutants in soil, water and air. Instead of physically removing contaminants, biological processes convert harmful substances into less toxic or harmless forms such as carbon dioxide, water or biomass.
This article explains the science and methods of bioremediation, including in situ and ex situ techniques, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, natural attenuation, phytoremediation, microbial degradation and wastewater treatment. It also covers major pollutants such as hydrocarbons, pesticides, heavy metals and industrial chemicals, along with the advantages, limitations and emerging technologies such as genetic engineering, bioreactors, omics technologies and nanobioremediation.
Author: Darshita Neeraj
Senior Researcher,
Mudita Learning and Knowledge Private Limited
Email: info@muditabooks.com
Date of post: 12.08.2026
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