Justice is one of the most fundamental concepts in political philosophy, law, ethics, and public administration, shaping the way societies distribute rights, opportunities, responsibilities, and resources. From the classical ideas of Plato and Aristotle to the modern theories of John Rawls, Robert Nozick, Karl Marx, Jeremy Bentham, and Amartya Sen, the concept of justice has continuously evolved to address issues of equality, liberty, fairness, human rights, distributive justice, and social welfare. Understanding these theories is essential for analysing contemporary debates on democracy, governance, constitutional values, and public policy.
This article presents a comprehensive overview of the major theories of justice, including Classical Justice, Utilitarian Justice, Liberal Justice, Libertarian Justice, Marxist Justice, Egalitarian Justice, Feminist Justice, Restorative Justice, and Global Justice. It compares the views of leading political thinkers, examines their relevance in the modern world, and explains their application in constitutional governance, judicial decision-making, social justice, and public administration. Whether you are preparing for UPSC, State PCS, UGC-NET, Political Science, Law, Public Administration, Sociology, Philosophy, or Judiciary examinations, this guide provides a clear, analytical, and exam-oriented understanding of one of the most important themes in political thought.
Author: Darshita Neeraj
Senior Researcher,
Mudita Learning and Knowledge Private Limited
Email: info@muditabooks.com
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