The Antarctic ‘Plastisphere’
Here is a question that pops up in many curious minds–Is there plastic pollution in Antarctic? Let’s find out.
Antarctica, the world’s most remote, harsh and pristine continent, is not free from marine pollution. Where human activity goes, plastic debris inevitably follows, creating a new ecosystem known as the plastisphere. What might the early explorers of this icy wilderness think today, upon discovering a continent transformed by permanent fishing activities, research stations, military presence, tourism, and all their environmental impacts? Among these, plastic pollution stands out, as it has created a unique new ecological niche in the ocean.
Once it gets into the water, plastic debris provides surfaces that can be quickly colonised by microbial communities, forming a biofilm. This plastic-borne community is known as the plastisphere, and it poses a serious threat to marine ecosystems, particularly in the cold, understudied waters of the Southern Ocean.
The Plastisphere: An Emerging Threat
As plastic debris drifts through the ocean, the plastisphere develops through typical ecological succession, eventually becoming a complex and specialised microbial community. Plastics not only provide shelter for these microorganisms but also act as a vector, allowing potentially harmful pathogens like Vibrio spp., Escherichia coli, and bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes, to spread across marine environments, even reaching remote, untouched areas.
Beyond being a home for microbes, the plastisphere can disrupt the natural balance of ocean life at the microscopic level. These changes don’t stay in the water, as they can spread outward, potentially affecting how the ocean absorbs carbon and produces greenhouse gases. This has consequences for the air we breathe around the world.
However, it’s not all bad news, as bacteria known for their potential to degrade plastics or hydrocarbons
– such as Alcanivorax sp., Aestuariicella sp., Marinobacter sp. and Alteromonas sp. – are frequently identified on plastics.
Research
Currently very little is known about the plastisphere, especially in the Southern Ocean, where uncovering its dynamics is key to understanding its impacts on one of the planet’s most remote and vulnerable marine environments.
Studying bacteria means making the invisible visible, so we combined several techniques to get a better picture of the plastisphere. Rsearchers used Scanning electron microscopy, to obtain biofilm images. Further, they combined those with flow cytometry and bacterial culture to count total cells and colonies. Finally they sequenced the 16S rRNA gene to identify the succession of bacterial settlers.
This meticulous approach revealed that time was the key driver of change. Microbes quickly colonised the plastic, and within less than two days, bacteria like genus Colwellia were already fixed in the surface, showing a clear progression from initial settlers to a mature diverse biofilm including other genera like Sulfitobacter, Glaciecola or Lewinella.
These species, although also detected in water, show a clear preference for the social life of a biofilm community.
One key discovery was the presence of Oleispira sp. on polypropylene. This bacteria is hydrocarbon-degrading. In essence, it belongs to a group of microorganisms that can break down oil and other pollutants.Their role within the Antarctic plastisphere raises important questions, like whether these kinds of bacteria could mitigate the impacts of plastic pollution. If so, they could be key to the future of Antartica and our oceans.
However, we still have much to discover, particularly regarding their potential for bioremediation in extreme environments. Understanding these processes could pave the way for innovative strategies to address the growing challenge of plastic waste in marine ecosystems.
Reference & Related articles:
- The Conversation – Unveiling the Antarctic ‘plastisphere’, a unique and potentially hazardous new ecosystem – new research
- British Antarctic Survey – Plastic Pollution reaching Antarctica
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